Lucius Annaeus Seneca, commonly known as Seneca, was an ancient Roman philosopher who practiced Stoicism but whose personal life was anything but calm. Marked by exile, political intrigue, and a tumultuous relationship with Roman Emperor Nero, Seneca nonetheless preached simplicity, virtue, and emotional control. Born around 4 BCE in Córdoba, Spain, Seneca rose to prominence as a tutor and advisor to Emperor Nero. His most lasting legacy may be his philosophical works; his famous Letters to Lucilius, written in the last few years of his life sometime around 62 to 64 CE, are philosophical calls to action, urging readers to live thoughtfully, contentedly, and ethically.

Seneca’s contradictions didn’t end at being a Stoic living a drama-filled life. He was powerful and wealthy, but he was also openly critical of Rome’s obsession with wealth and power, a quirk that has kept his works both fascinating and controversial. Seneca was ultimately accused of conspiring against Nero, and was forced to take his own life in 65 CE, which, according to legend, he did with a calm stoicism.